Part Number Hot Search : 
CY3671 444BX MAX5905 10451 TZ530N RF2514 L6208D P7N50
Product Description
Full Text Search
 

To Download SGM4583 Datasheet File

  If you can't view the Datasheet, Please click here to try to view without PDF Reader .  
 
 


  Datasheet File OCR Text:
  SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch general description the SGM4583 is a high voltage, cmos analog ic configured as three single-pole/double-throw (spdt) switches. this cmos device can operate from 1.8v to 5.5v dual power supplies or from +3.6v to +11v single supplies. each switch can handle rail-to-rail analog signals. the off-leakage current is only 10na at +25 . all digital inputs have 0.8v to 2.4v logic thresholds, ensuring ttl/cmos-logic compatibility when using a single +5v or dual 5v supplies. SGM4583 is available in green soic-16, ssop-16, tssop-16 and tqfn-33-16l packages. it operates over an ambient temperature range of -40 to +85 . applications battery-operated equipment audio and video signal routing low-voltage data-acquisition systems communications circuits automotive features ? guaranteed on-resistance 51 ? with 5v supplies 84 ? with single +5v supply ? guaranteed on-resistance match between channels ? low off-leakage current 10na at +25 ? low on-leakage current 10na at +25 ? 1.8v to 5.5v dual-supply operation or +3.6v to +11v single-supply operation ? ttl/cmos-logic compatible ? low distortion: 0.02% (r l = 600 ? , f = 20hz to 20khz) ? high off-isolation: -62db (r l = 50 ? , f = 1mhz) ? low crosstalk: -85db (r l = 50 ? , f = 1mhz) ? extended industrial temperature range: -40 to +85 ? available in green soic-16, ssop-16, tssop-16 and tqfn-33-16l packages rev. a . 2 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 2 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com package/ordering information model pin- package ordering number package marking package option soic-16 SGM4583ys16g/tr SGM4583ys16 xxxxx tape and reel, 2500 ssop-16 SGM4583yqs16g/tr SGM4583 yqs16 xxxxx tape and reel, 3000 tssop-16 SGM4583yts16g/tr SGM4583 yts16 xxxxx tape and reel, 3000 SGM4583 tqfn-33-16l SGM4583ytq16g/tr 4583tq xxxxx tape and reel, 3000 note: xxxxx = date code and vendor code. absolute maximum ratings voltages referenced to v ee v cc ......................................................................-0.3v to 13.2v gnd?????????????????...??. -0.3v to 6v voltage into any terminal (1) ???????????????(v ee - 0.3v) to (v cc + 0.3v) continuous current into any terminal.............................20ma peak current, x_, y_, z_ (pulsed at 1ms, 10% duty cycle) ......................................40ma operating temperature range ............. ...............-40 to +85 junction temperature........................................................150 storage temperature range..............................-65 to +150 lead temperature (soldering, 10s)...................................260 esd susceptibility hbm.................... ..................... ...................... ............. ......3000v mm..................................................................................... 150v notes: 1. voltages exceeding v cc or v ee on any signal terminal are clamped by internal diodes. limit forward-diode current to maximum current rating. 2. stresses beyond those listed under ?absolute maximum ratings? may cause permanent damage to the device. these are stress ratings only, and functional operation of the device at these or any other conditions beyond those indicated in the operational sections of the s pecifications is not implied. exposure to absolute maximum rating conditions for extended periods may affect device reliability. caution this integrated circuit can be damaged by esd if you don?t pay attention to esd protection. sgmicro recommends that all integrated circuits be handled with appropriate precautions. failure to observe proper handling and installation procedures can cause damage. esd damage can range from subtle performance degradation to complete device failure. precision integrated circuits may be more susceptible to damage because very small parametric changes could cause the device not to meet its published specifications. sgmicro reserves the right to make any change in circuit design, specification or other related things if necessary without notice at any time. please contact sgmicro sales office to get the latest datasheet.
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 3 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com pin configurations (top view) v cc y x x0 x1 a b c 12 13 14 15 16 1 2 3 4 5 y1 y0 z soic-16/ssop-16/tssop-16 6 7 8 11 10 9 gnd z1 z0 enable v ee enable z0 1 2 3 4 57 8 9 10 y1 z x0 y0 z1 v cc v ee 6 11 12 13 14 15 16 gnd c b a x1 x y tqfn-33-16l SGM4583 ep function table select inputs enable input c b a on switches h x x x all switches open l l l l x-x0, y-y0, z-z0 l l l h x-x1, y-y0, z-z0 l l h l x-x0, y-y1, z-z0 l l h h x-x1, y-y1, z-z0 l h l l x-x0, y-y0, z-z1 l h l h x-x1, y-y0, z-z1 l h h l x-x0, y-y1, z-z1 l h h h x-x1, y-y1, z-z1 x = don?t care note: input and output pins are identical and in terchangeable. either may be considered an input or output; signals pass equally well in either direction.
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 4 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com pin description note: input and output pins are identical and interchangeable. any may be considered an input or output; signals pass equally well in both directions. soic-16, ssop-16, tssop-16 tqfn-33-16l name function 14 12 x analog switch ?x? output. 15 13 y analog switch ?y? output. 4 2 z analog switch ?z? output. 13 11 x1 analog switch ?x? normally open input. 12 10 x0 analog switch ?x? normally closed input. 1 15 y1 analog switch ?y? normally open input. 2 16 y0 analog switch ?y? normally closed input. 3 1 z1 analog switch ?z? normally open input. 5 3 z0 analog switch ?z? normally closed input. 16 14 v cc positive analog and digital supply voltage input. 11 9 a digital address ?a? input. 10 8 b digital address ?b? input. 9 7 c digital address ?c? input. 8 6 gnd ground. connect to digital ground. (analog signals have no ground reference; they are limited to v cc and v ee .) 7 5 v ee negative analog supply voltage input. connect to gnd for single-supply operation. 6 4 enable digital enable input. normally connected to gnd. exposed pad ep exposed pad. connect ep to v ee .
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 5 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com electrical characteristics (dual supplies) (v cc = 4.5v to 5.5v, v ee = -4.5v to -5.5v, full = -40 to +85 , typical values are at t a = +25 , unless otherwise noted.) parameter symbol conditions temp min typ max units analog switch analog signal range v x_ , v y_ , v z_ , v x , v y , v z full v ee v cc v +25 36 51 on-resistance r on v cc = 4.5v, v ee = -4.5v, i x , i y , i z = 1ma full 62 ? +25 3 11 on-resistance match between channels ? r on v cc = 4.5v, v ee = -4.5v, i x , i y , i z = 1ma full 12.7 ? +25 15 25 on-resistance flatness r flat(on) v cc = 4.5v, v ee = -4.5v, i x , i y , i z = 1ma full 29 ? x_, y_, z_ off leakage current i x_(off) , i y_(off) , i z_(off) v cc = 5.5v, v ee = -5.5v, v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 4.5v, v x , v y , v z = ? 4.5v +25 10 na x, y, z off leakage current i x(off) , i y(off) , i z(off) v cc = 5.5v, v ee = -5.5v, v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 4.5v, v x , v y , v z = ? 4.5v +25 10 na x, y, z on leakage current i x(on) , i y(on) , i z(on) v cc = 5.5v, v ee = -5.5v, v x , v y , v z = 4.5v +25 10 na digital i/o logic input logic threshold high v ah , v bh , v ch , v enableh +25 2.4 v logic input logic threshold low v al , v bl , v cl , v enablel +25 0.8 v input-current high i ah , i bh , i ch , i enableh v a , v b , v c , v enable = v cc +25 10 na input-current low i al , i bl , i cl , i enablel v a , v b , v c , v enable = 0v +25 10 na dynamic characteristics address transition time t trans v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 1 +25 70 ns enable turn-on time t on v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 2 +25 60 ns enable turn-off time t off v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 2 +25 70 ns break-before-make time t d v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 3 +25 15 ns charge injection q r s = 0 ? , c = 1nf, v s = 0v, test circuit 4 +25 10 pc off isolation v iso r l = 50 ? , f = 1mhz, test circuit 5 +25 -62 db channel-to-channel crosstalk v ct r l = 50 ? , f = 1mhz, test circuit 5 +25 -85 db input off-capacitance c x_(off) , c y_(off) , c z_(off) v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 0v, f = 1mhz, test circuit 6 +25 12 pf output off-capacitance c x(off) , c y(off) , c z(off) v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 0v, f = 1mhz, test circuit 6 +25 15 pf output on-capacitance c x(on) , c y(on) , c z(on) v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 0v, f = 1mhz, test circuit 6 +25 35 pf -3db bandwidth bw r l = 50 ? +25 140 mhz total harmonic distortion thd r l = 600 ? , 5v p-p , f = 20hz to 20khz +25 0.02 % power supply power supply range v cc , v ee full 1.8v 5.5v v power supply current i cc , i ee v cc = 5.5v, v ee = -5.5v, v a , v b , v c , v enable = v cc or 0 +25 0.01 20 a
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 6 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com electrical characteristics (single supply at +5v) (v cc = 4.5v to 5.5v, v ee = 0v, full = -40 to +85 , typical values are at t a = +25 , unless otherwise noted.) parameter symbol conditions temp min typ max units analog switch analog signal range v x_ , v y_ , v z_ , v x , v y , v z full v ee v cc v +25 66 84 on-resistance r on v cc = 4.5v, i x , i y , i z = 1ma full 97 ? +25 3 11 on-resistance match between channels ? r on v cc = 4.5v, i x , i y , i z = 1ma full 14 ? x_, y_, z_ off leakage current i x_(off) , i y_(off) , i z_(off) v cc = 5.5v, v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 1v, 4.5v, v x , v y , v z = 4.5v, 1v +25 10 na x, y, z off leakage current i x(off) , i y(off) , i z(off) v cc = 5.5v, v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 1v, 4.5v, v x , v y , v z = 4.5v, 1v +25 10 na x, y, z on leakage current i x(on) , i y(on) , i z(on) v cc = 5.5v, v x , v y , v z = 4.5v, 1v +25 10 na digital i/o logic input logic threshold high v ah , v bh , v ch , v enableh +25 2.4 v logic input logic threshold low v al , v bl , v cl , v enablel +25 0.8 v input-current high i ah , i bh , i ch , i enableh v a , v b , v c , v enable = v cc +25 10 na input-current low i al , i bl , i cl , i enablel v a , v b , v c , v enable = 0v +25 10 na dynamic characteristics address transition time t trans v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v/0v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 1 +25 100 ns enable turn-on time t on v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 2 +25 70 ns enable turn-off time t off v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 2 +25 80 ns break-before-make time t d v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 3 +25 25 ns charge injection q r s = 0 ? , c = 1nf, v s = 2.5v, test circuit 4 +25 5 pc -3db bandwidth bw r l = 50 ? +25 160 mhz power supply power supply range v cc , v ee +25 3.6 11 v power supply current i cc , i ee v cc = 5.5v, v a , v b , v c , v enable = v cc or 0 +25 0.01 20 a
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 7 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com electrical characteristics (single supply at +3.6v) (v cc = 3.6v, v ee = 0v, full = -40 to +85 , typical values are at t a = +25 , unless otherwise noted.) parameter symbol conditions temp min typ max units analog switch analog signal range v x_ , v y_ , v z_ , v x , v y , v z full v ee v cc v +25 100 128 on-resistance r on i x , i y , i z = 1ma full 138 ? x_, y_, z_ off leakage current i x_(off) , i y_(off) , i z_(off) v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 1v, 3v, v x , v y , v z = 3v, 1v +25 10 na x, y, z off leakage current i x(off) , i y(off) , i z(off) v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 1v, 3v, v x , v y , v z = 3v, 1v +25 10 na x, y, z on leakage current i x(on) , i y(on) , i z(on) v x , v y , v z = 3v, 1v +25 10 na digital i/o logic input logic threshold high v ah , v bh , v ch , v enableh +25 2 v logic input logic threshold low v al , v bl , v cl , v enablel +25 0.5 v input-current high i ah , i bh , i ch , i enableh v a , v b , v c , v enable = v cc +25 10 na input-current low i al , i bl , i cl , i enablel v a , v b , v c , v enable = 0v +25 10 na dynamic characteristics address transition time t trans v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v/0v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 1 +25 140 ns enable turn-on time t on v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 2 +25 100 ns enable turn-off time t off v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 2 +25 90 ns break-before-make time t d v x_ , v y_ , v z_ = 3v, r l = 300 ? , c l = 35pf, test circuit 3 +25 35 ns charge injection q r s = 0 ? , c = 1nf, v s = 2.5v, test circuit 4 +25 3 pc -3db bandwidth bw r l = 50 ? +25 160 mhz power supply power supply current i cc , i ee v cc = 3.6v, v a , v b , v c , v enable = v cc or 0 +25 0.01 20 a
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 8 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com typical performance characteristics on-resistance vs. v x , v y , v z 0 20 40 60 80 100 -7 -5 -3 -1 1 3 5 7 9 11 v x , v y , v z (v) on-resistance ( ? ) v cc = 3.6v v cc = 4.5v v cc = 11v v cc = 4.5v
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 9 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com test circuits 35pf x1,y1,z1 gnd -3v/0v 300 v out a,b,c v a ,v b ,v c v cc 50% 90% 0v 0v v out v ee enable x0,y0,z0 x,y,z 3v v ee v a ,v b ,v c 50 v cc v cc v x0 ,v y0 ,v z0 v x1 ,v y1 ,v z1 90% t trans t trans v ee = 0v for single-supply operation. test each section individually. SGM4583 test circuit 1. address transition times (t trans ) 35pf x1,y1,z1 gnd 0v 300 v out a,b,c v enable v cc 50% 90% 0v v out v ee enable x0,y0,z0 x,y,z 3v v ee v enable 50 v cc v cc v x0 ,v y0 ,v z0 v x1 ,v y1 ,v z1 90% t on t off v ee = 0v for single-supply operation. test each section individually. SGM4583 test circuit 2. switching times (t on , t off ) 35pf x0,x1,y0, y1,z0,z1 gnd 3v 300 v out a,b,c v a ,v b ,v c v cc 50% 0v 0v v out v ee enable x,y,z v ee v a ,v b ,v c 50 v cc v cc v x ,v y ,v z v ee = 0v for single-supply operation. test each section individually. SGM4583 80% t d t r <20ns t f <20ns test circuit 3. break-before-make time (t d )
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 10 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com test circuits c l =1000pf x_,y_,z_ gnd v out a,b,c v enable v cc 0v v out v ee enable x,y,z v ee v enable 50 v cc v cc v ee = 0v for single-supply operation. test each section individually. SGM4583 channel select v out v out is the measured voltage due to charge transfer error q when the channel turns off. q = v out c l test circuit 4. charge injection (q) x_,y_,z_ gnd a,b,c v ee enable x,y,z v ee 50 v cc v cc SGM4583 channel select 10nf 10nf 50 v in v out meas. ref. 50 50 network analyzer off-isolation = 20log (v out /v in ) on-loss = 20log (v out /v in ) crosstalk = 20log (v out /v in ) measurements are standardized against short at socket terminals. off-isolation is measured between com and "off" no terminal on each switch. on-loss is measured between com and "on" no terminal on each switch. crosstalk is measured from one channel (a, b, c) to all other channels. signal direction through switch is reversed; worst values are recorded. test circuit 5. off isolation, on loss and crosstalk x_,y_,z_ gnd a,b,c v ee enable x,y,z v ee v cc v cc SGM4583 channel select 1mhz capacitance analyzer v ee = 0v for single-supply operation. test each section individually. test circuit 6. capacitance
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 11 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com application information power-supply considerations overview the SGM4583 construction is typical of most cmos analog switch. it has three supply pins: v cc , v ee , and gnd. v cc and v ee are used to drive the internal cmos switches and set the limits of the analog voltage on any switch. reverse esd protection diodes are internally connected between each analog-signal pin and both v cc and v ee . if any analog signal exceeds v cc or v ee , one of these diodes will conduct. during normal operation, these and other reverse-biased esd diodes leak, forming the only current drawn from v cc or v ee . virtually all the analog leakage current comes from the esd diodes. although the esd diodes on a given signal pin are identical and therefore fairly well balanced, they are reverse biased differently. each is biased by either v cc or v ee and the analog signal. this means their leakages will vary as the signal varies. the difference in the two diode leakages to the v cc and v ee pins constitutes the analog-signal-path leakage current. all analog leakage current flows between each pin and one of the supply terminals, not to the other switch terminal. this is why both sides of a given switch can show leakage currents of either the same or opposite polarity. there is no connection between the analog-signal paths and gnd. v cc and gnd power the internal logic and logic-level translators, and set the input logic limits. the logic-level translators convert the logic levels into switched v cc and v ee signals to drive the gates of the analog signals. this drive signal is the only connection between the logic supplies and signals and the analog supplies. v cc and v ee have esd-protection diodes to gnd. bipolar supplies this device operates with bipolar supplies between 1.8v and 5.5v. the v cc and v ee supplies need not be symmetrical, but their sum cannot exceed the +13.2v absolute maximum rating. single supply this device operates from a single supply between +3.6v and +11v when v ee is connected to gnd. all of the bipolar precautions must be observed. at room temperature, it actually ?works? with a single supply near or below +2.5v, although as supply voltage decreases, switch on-resistance and switching times become very high. over-voltage protection proper power-supply sequencing is recommended for the cmos device. do not exceed the absolute maximum ratings because stresses beyond the listed ratings can cause permanent damage to the devices. always sequence v cc on first, then v ee , followed by the logic inputs and analog signals. if power-supply sequencing is not possible, add two small signal diodes (d1, d2) in series with the supply pins for over-voltage protection (figure 1). adding diodes reduces the analog-signal range to one diode drop below v cc and one diode drop above v ee, but does not affect the device?s low switch resistance and low leakage characteristics. device operation is unchanged, and the difference between v cc and v ee should not exceed 13.2v. these protection diodes are not recommended when using a single supply if signal levels must extend to ground. x_,y_,z_ * x,y,z v cc SGM4583 d1 external blocking diode d2 external blocking diode * ** * internal protection diodes figure 1. over-voltage protection using external blocking diodes
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 12 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com package outline dimensions soic-16 d e e1 e b a a1 a2 l c recommended land pattern (unit: mm) 5.60 1.75 1.27 0.65 dimensions in millimeters dimensions in inches symbol min max min max a 1.350 1.750 0.053 0.069 a1 0.100 0.250 0.004 0.010 a2 1.350 1.550 0.053 0.061 b 0.330 0.510 0.013 0.020 c 0.170 0.250 0.006 0.010 d 9.800 10.200 0.386 0.402 e 3.800 4.000 0.150 0.157 e1 5.800 6.200 0.228 0.244 e 1.27 bsc 0.050 bsc l 0.400 1.270 0.016 0.050 0 8 0 8
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 13 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com package outline dimensions ssop-16 e e1 d a a1 a2 e b c l 0.635 0.406 5.588 1.651 recommended land pattern (unit: mm) dimensions in millimeters dimensions in inches symbol min max min max a 1.350 1.750 0.053 0.069 a1 0.100 0.250 0.004 0.010 a2 1.350 1.550 0.053 0.061 b 0.200 0.300 0.008 0.012 c 0.170 0.250 0.007 0.010 d 4.700 5.100 0.185 0.200 e 3.800 4.000 0.150 0.157 e1 5.800 6.200 0.228 0.244 e 0.635 bsc 0.025 bsc l 0.400 1.270 0.016 0.050 0 8 0 8
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 14 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com package outline dimensions tssop-16 e1 e b e a a2 a1 c l h d 1.78 0.42 0.65 5.94 recommended land pattern (unit: mm) dimensions in millimeters dimensions in inches symbol min max min max a 1.100 0.043 a1 0.050 0.150 0.002 0.006 a2 0.800 1.000 0.031 0.039 b 0.190 0.300 0.007 0.012 c 0.090 0.200 0.004 0.008 d 4.900 5.100 0.193 0.201 e 4.300 4.500 0.169 0.177 e1 6.250 6.550 0.246 0.258 e 0.650 bsc 0.026 bsc l 0.500 0.700 0.02 0.028 h 0.25 typ 0.01 typ 1 7 1 7
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 15 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com package outline dimensions tqfn-33-16l top view bottom view side view a a2 a1 e e1 b l k d1 d e n1 n5 n16 1.7 1.7 0.7 2.2 3.6 0.5 0.24 recommended land pattern (unit: mm) dimensions in millimeters dimensions in inches symbol min max min max a 0.700 0.800 0.028 0.031 a1 0.000 0.050 0.000 0.002 a2 0.203 ref 0.008 ref d 2.900 3.100 0.114 0.122 d1 1.600 1.800 0.063 0.071 e 2.900 3.100 0.114 0.122 e1 1.600 1.800 0.063 0.071 k 0.200 min 0.008 min b 0.180 0.300 0.007 0.012 e 0.500 typ 0.020 typ l 0.300 0.500 0.012 0.020
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 16 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com tape and reel information note: the picture is only for reference. please make the object as the standard. key parameter list of tape and reel package type reel diameter reel width w1 (mm) a0 (mm) b0 (mm) k0 (mm) p0 (mm) p1 (mm) p2 (mm) w (mm) pin1 quadrant soic-16 13 16.4 6.5 10.3 2.1 4.0 8.0 2.0 16.0 q1 ssop-16 13 12.4 6.4 5.4 2.1 4.0 8.0 2.0 12.0 q1 tssop-16 13 12.4 6.9 5.6 1.2 4.0 8.0 2.0 12.0 q1 tqfn-33-16l 13 12.40 3.35 3.35 1.13 4.00 4.00 2.00 12.00 q1 reel width (w1) reel diameter reel dimensions tape dimensions direction of feed p2 p0 w p1 a0 k0 b0 q1 q2 q4 q3 q3 q4 q2 q1 q3 q4 q2 q1
SGM4583 high voltage, cmos analog switch 17 sg micro corp www.sg-micro.com carton box dimensions note: the picture is only for reference. please make the object as the standard. key parameter list of carton box reel type length (mm) width (mm) height (mm) pizza/carton 13 386 280 370 5


▲Up To Search▲   

 
Price & Availability of SGM4583

All Rights Reserved © IC-ON-LINE 2003 - 2022  

[Add Bookmark] [Contact Us] [Link exchange] [Privacy policy]
Mirror Sites :  [www.datasheet.hk]   [www.maxim4u.com]  [www.ic-on-line.cn] [www.ic-on-line.com] [www.ic-on-line.net] [www.alldatasheet.com.cn] [www.gdcy.com]  [www.gdcy.net]


 . . . . .
  We use cookies to deliver the best possible web experience and assist with our advertising efforts. By continuing to use this site, you consent to the use of cookies. For more information on cookies, please take a look at our Privacy Policy. X